In > References for ‘intellectuals’

See also: Intellect-like · intellects · intellectual · intellectualcum-intuitional · intellectual-cum-intuitional · intellectualism · intellectuality · intellectually · intellectually-inclined · intellectually-undeveloped · intellectual-spiritual · intellectuo-intuitional · intellectuo-spiritual · intellegence · intelligence

Your Real Friend (1)

[6] After your death your friends will [...] strengthen you. So it is the duty of intellectuals and intelligent people to strengthen [...] strengthen you in case of urgent need.

Your Personal Relationship with God (1)

[4] Scholars or intellectuals have one drawback. They read different [...] control the master who plays them.

Yoga and Tantra (1)

[23] “After churning all four [...] up the butter, and the so-called intellectuals start quarrelling among themselves [...] spoil before they can drink it.

Yatamána – 2 (1)

[8] Even the Supreme Entity, that formless [...] shloka that the Vipras [Brahmans, intellectuals] have been born out of the mouth [...] Shúdras [labourers] out of His feet.

Women: The Wageless Slaves of the Vipras (1)

[5] In the Kśatriya Era women [...] middle of the Vedic age, when the intellectuals became the leaders of the society, [...] child-bearing machines”].

What Is the Way? (4)

[8] Just to declare any Ram, Shyam, [...] It is said here that the great intellectuals also differ widely amongst themselves. Different intellectuals have given different interpretations [...] the right text always persists.

[14] It is said, Shrutayo vibhinnáh [...] codes also vary widely, and the intellectuals also differ amongst themselves [...] useless for them to go to so-called intellectuals. It is not theoretical knowledge [...] realize the Supreme Consciousness.

What Is Dogma? (1)

[1] Our subject of discussion yesterday [...] people can be redeemed from sin, intellectuals may naturally ask a question: “How to attain that salvation?”

Vraja Krśńa and Vishuddha Advaetaváda – 2 (Discourse 11) (1)

[24] “Simply by playing on words [...] heart remains unsatisfied. These intellectuals, steeped in intellectual vanity, [...] never attain salvation.”

Vraja Krsna and Vishuddha Advaetavada – 1 (Discourse 10) (1)

[10] To use the term Brahma in this [...] [“The Supreme Entity is one, but intellectuals explain It in various ways”] [...] Kashmiri king, Shankar Varma, said,

Verse, Mythology, History and Itihása (1)

[26] The devotees say, “I belong [...] and to no one else.” The intellectuals say, “Yes, Parama Puruśa [...] universal maternal uncle.”

Various Occupations (2)

[10] If supporting the guilty is an [...] They are an indispensable group of intellectuals in society.

[13] But why is this so? Are they alone [...] obtain their basic necessities, poor intellectuals use these kinds of psychic means instead of stealing or committing armed robbery.

Vaekharii Power (1)

[3] [Simply by playing on words and [...] heart remains unsatisfied. These intellectuals, steeped in intellectual vanity, [...] they can never attain salvation.]

Unit Spirit and Cosmic Spirit (1)

[33] The unit functions with its unit [...] will be defeated. So units, rather intellectuals, should not have the audacity [...] surrender at the altar of the Supreme.

Two Wings – Excerpt K (1)

[2] Now the days of those defective [...] those ideas cherished by those intellectuals, that by dint of one’s intellect, [...] birthright to attain salvation.

To Know Him Is to Be Free from All Fetters (1)

[9] So the action which comes within [...] waste to time. In spite of that intellectuals continue their vain attempts, [...] mind can never reach that abode.

The Vipra Age (10)

[2] The salient feature of vipra life [...] the intellect. Thus, vipras are intellectuals.

[22] We see from the past that when, [...] themselves, that is, the genuine intellectuals.

[80] In the Vipra Age, particularly in the middle of the Vedic Age, when the intellectuals became all-powerful in society, [...] it is a legacy of the Vipra Age.

[113] The vipras’ culture was not [...] homage to the superiority of the intellectuals. But the ignorant people could [...] obediently at the vipras’ feet.

[150] Since vipras are fundamentally intellectuals, it is natural for them to follow [...] follow in their personal lives.)

[151] When intellectuals cannot find ways to solve complex [...] thinking is somewhat like this.

[186] Whenever any ideology opposing [...] resistance is supported by the intellectuals.

[190] The vipras’ sense of family [...] based instead on the influence intellectuals gain over the ignorant using clever diplomacy.

[246] What to speak of revolution, even the need for revolution has not yet been felt properly among intellectuals. At present they are in a hesitant [...] [evolution], without any struggle.

[247] This mentality is reflected in the support which a group of intellectuals extend to the Sarvodaya movement [...] the period of their suffering.

The Vaeshya Age (1)

[39] In the Vipra Age those who were [...] brave and the intellect of the intellectuals, and the more they were able to do this the more they became known as shreśt́hiis.

The Two Human Approaches (1)

[17] So the devotees are very intelligent, they are more intelligent than intellectuals, and more intelligent than those engaged in actional faculties.

The Three Causes of Sin (2)

[1] Human beings are social beings, [...] dogmas and cardinal human values. As intellectuals and developed people of the second [...] importance to cardinal human values.

[29] Suppose the Sadvipras do not hammer [...] sanguine eyes of the so-called intellectuals or by the arms of the military. [...] not tolerate these obstructions.

The Responsibility of Society (1)

[11] When building a social structure [...] goal?”, etc. Today’s intellectuals are impeding the spread of spirituality [...] healthy society will stop this trend.

The Real Value of the Human Entity (1)

[16] Human society is a singular entity. [...] singular entity. The educated and intellectuals of this twentieth century should [...] physico-psycho-spiritual exploitations.

The Place of Sadvipras in the Samája Cakra (2)

[5] With the development of intellect [...] power passed into the hands of such intellectuals. These intellectuals, as the word implies, justified [...] parasites can be called the Vipra Age.

The Only Cult (2)

[1] Intellectuals and scholars say that one may [...] emancipation of permanent nature.)

[4] Now the days of those defective [...] those ideas cherished by those intellectuals, that by dint of one’s intellect, [...] birth-right to attain salvation.

The Kśatriya Age (5)

[105] Kśatriyas want to dash forward [...] Kśatriya Age had lasted for some time, intellectuals began to control the kśatriyas with their keen intellect.

[106] Those with intellect encouraged [...] kśatriyas began to submit to the intellectuals and, recognizing their superiority, began to use their forceful personalities to carry out the intellectuals’; instructions. The intellectuals gradually wrested the right to [...] help of kśatriya power.

[107] Although the kśatriyas remained alert, once they submitted to the intellectuals, to the vipras, the Kśatriya Age ended.

The History of Bengal – 2 (1)

[6] The social system has also undergone [...] varńas or castes: the vipras (intellectuals) and the shúdras (labourers). [...] Bengal were different from others.

The Grandeur of the Supreme Entity (1)

[25] [Now in this march of life – [...] developed very quickly. The so-called intellectuals suffer from the ailment of their [...] within the scope of geography.

The Five Kinds of Conscience (Viveka) (1)

[37] If ignorant people want to acquire [...] encouraged to do so. But if so-called intellectuals (jiṋániis), puffed [...] questioning and selfless service.

The Excellence of a Bhakta (1)

[5] In old geography books, you will [...] take it with a grain of salt. But intellectuals constantly fights amongst themselves in the basis of their bookish knowledge.

The Essence of Spiritual Progress (2)

[10] You know I told you that devotees are “A-class” intellectuals. Actually they possess A-grade [...] Thou art my everything.”

[14] Now altogether it is recognized [...] the jiṋániis, the intellectuals, the Goal is merely theoretical [...] span of hardly one hundred years.

The Endless Quest for Him (2)

[11] Parama Puruśa always remains [...] are very intelligent whereas the intellectuals (jiṋánis) are foolish because they consider themselves to be the only true intellectuals. That’s why they are the [...] greater. That’s why a poet said:

The Earlier One Starts Dharma Sádhaná the Better (1)

[11] Those who are intellectuals, those who are intelligent, should [...] human being after death is dharma.

The Cosmic Father Has a Special Responsibility (4)

[12] But the jiṋániis [...] said that devotees are A-grade intellectuals.

[23] “There is not a single muni [...] says, “No, no, no, those intellectuals are not munis.” According [...] – “Those so-called intellectuals, so-called scholars, are not actually munis, or actually intellectuals.” Munih saḿliina [...] yasya mataḿ na bhinnam.

The Acoustic Roots of the Indo-Aryan Alphabet (1)

[8] A little while ago I said that [...] rágas and ráginiis amongst intellectuals.

Tantra and Indo-Aryan Civilization (4)

[3] The constant fighting during this [...] eventual emergence of a class of intellectuals who greatly assisted the kśatriya-dominated [...] the language of the day, these intellectuals were called rśis. The group leaders bowed their heads in reverence before these mighty intellectuals and followed the precepts framed [...] Dharma [Religion of the Sages].

[18] The Yajurvedic era saw the all-round [...] of the Aryans; among the munis [intellectuals or seers] and the rśis, [...] clearer than that of the Rgveda.

Talks on Prout (3)

[8] In ancient times powerful rájas [...] exploiters and intellectual exploiters. Intellectuals have praised these rájas [...] complexes in the minds of the people, intellectuals have composed many stories and [...] composed by satanic opportunists.

[54] Due to age-old superstitions the [...] measures. It is the middle class intellectuals who adopt these practices and [...] processes by artificial measures.

Spiritual Discourses (6)

[70] Now how to do it? In the laboratory, [...] and you may or may not follow the intellectuals. You are to follow those practical [...] will enjoy that Supreme Beatitude.

[176] Does the Supreme Consciousness [...] they are more intelligent than intellectuals, more intelligent than people of action.

[210] When you are blessed with this [...] most powerful. Today it is the intellectuals who are misguiding the society [...] this intellectual extravaganza.

[220] Suppose there is a big garden of mangoes and both the intellectuals and devotees arrive there at the [...] heart’s content. But the intellectuals only watch from a distance and [...] have been eaten by the devotees!

[315] It is due to these dogmas that [...] periphery. So it is the duty of all intellectuals to make people conscious of the all-devouring influence of dogma.

Some Aspects of Socio-Economic Planning (1)

[19] Another measure that PROUT advocates [...] the position of foreign revenue. Intellectuals should take up the demand for the abolition of income tax.

Social Justice (2)

[95] Social progress is not and can [...] brain has no value – that intellectuals are always exploiters and manual [...] have fully utilized their talents.

[97] If the idea “The world belongs [...] position. We find poverty among intellectuals as well as among the toiling masses, [...] interests of a particular group.

Science and Population Control – Excerpt D (1)

[2] Due to age-old superstitions the [...] measures. It is the middle class intellectuals who adopt these practices and [...] processes by artificial measures.

Safeguards against the Defects of Jiṋána and Karma (1)

[3] In order for sádhakas to [...] is so much in evidence among the intellectuals of today. This bandhyá [...] to utter destruction and decay.

Sadvipra, Táraka Brahma, Sadáshiva and Shrii Krśńa (1)

[8] One may ask whether Sadashiva alone [...] numerous sádhakas, devotees, intellectuals and ordinary people. In the scriptures, [...] according to his instructions.

River and Civilization – Excerpt B (1)

[6] Though Sutanuká and her [...] heard during a conversation between intellectuals. If anyone was asked, “Which [...] place became known as Konnagar.

Relativity and the Supreme Entity (1)

[7] Is any psychic progress attained [...] have purchased the brains of the intellectuals and invented many new things: [...] mean that they are more developed?

Reality and Intellectuality (3)

[2] People often say that “So-and-so [...] People speak in this way about intellectuals. But before we begin our discussion [...] understand the concept of reality.

[11] Intellectuals think that they are not ordinary [...] intellectuality amounts to nothing.

[16] The movement of spirituality is [...] existence, the starting-point of all intellectuals and non-intellectuals, can be [...] of their distorted propensities.

Ráŕh – 6. (1)

[1] While dharma in the true sense [...] intellectual prowess of the vipras [intellectuals] is inevitably needed. What we [...] is replete with such examples.

Questions and Answers [on Society] – 4 (1)

[32] Now intellectuals are finding place for a new alternative [...] vacuum up with Proutistic ideas.

Psychic Development and Karma (1)

[5] “Veda pát́he [...] satisfy their hunger are called intellectuals, vipras.

Problems of the Day (1)

[151] The samája cakra [social [...] comes the Vipra Age [the age of intellectuals]; then the Vaeshya Age [the age [...] its rotation cannot be checked.

Principles and Practice of Philosophy and Cult (1)

[14] In Pathan India and the first portion [...] in such logic. They were great intellectuals, but could not mould the life [...] logics and there was no progress.

Prayers – Cardinal and Non-cardinal (2)

[9] Why did He create this universe [...] of Karma. But, you know, those intellectuals and karmiis are less intelligent [...] Devotees are “A” grade intellectuals, karmiis are “B” grade [...] Here in this shloka it is said -

Pinnacled Existence (1)

[1] Last night I said something regarding [...] hallucination. And I also said that intellectuals, by dint of their intellectual [...] much regarding their movement.

Pashupati, Viireshvara, and Mahádeva (1)

[1] Nowadays some intellectuals have become very vocal about progress [...] changes according to the sphere.

Parama Puruśa the Great (1)

[21] And the last thing that one should [...] Supreme Subjectivity, is a path for intellectuals, for intelligent people, for cunning [...] should always remember this fact.

Parama Puruśa, Not Scriptures (3)

[6] “So many scriptures say so [...] whom not to follow? And amongst intellectuals there are so many – there [...] it is the greatest weakness of intellectuals that they always encourage disunity. [...] upon a time, remarked that these intellectuals are polished satans. Na eka munir yasya mataḿ na bhinnam.

Parama Puruśa Is One – Countless Are His Names (1)

[9] Ráma – rá plus ma . What do intellectuals say about the meaning of this [...] ráti mahiidharah Rámah .

One Should Know Everything (1)

[30] One night I was saying that [...] Bhúmi” means “Land of Intellectuals”. Do you follow me? That is also [...] – “Germany”.

Nuclear Revolution (2)

[17] Primitive society was guided by [...] the vipra age – the age of intellectuals and priests. Next came the age [...] deprivation and exploitation are extreme.

[51] Communism propagates sentiments [...] they were hollow, consequently intellectuals became dissatisfied with them. [...] stronger than communist sentiments.

Matter and Abstract (3)

[1] The subject of today’s discourse is “Matter and Abstract.” Some intellectuals are of the opinion that matter [...] got nothing to do with energy.

[19] It is the duty of the intellectuals of the world to continue doing [...] planes of individual inferences.

[20] I would like intellectuals in the future to conduct experiments [...] the speed of their research work.

Love – the Essential Prerequisite (1)

[7] It has been said that all knowledges [...] for the jiṋániis. Intellectuals fight amongst themselves regarding [...] decision as to who is to enjoy it.

Longing for the Great (5)

[12] Naekamuniryasya mataḿ na bhinnam. And intellectuals, you see, “always quarrel [...] affection amongst themselves, but intellectuals, you know, learned people, always [...] one should not support others. So intellectuals always quarrel amongst themselves.

[13] The common person is to follow [...] Mr. C? A knotty problem. You see, intellectuals always vary – naekamuniryasya mataḿ na bhinnam.

[30] So King Yudhisthira says: “In [...] or may not ditto – those intellectuals.” What are you to do? You [...] will enjoy that supreme beatitude.

Liilábháva and Nityabháva (1)

[3] The sádhaka who looks at [...] vadanti – “He is one, [intellectuals] describe Him variously.” [...] stance] of Parama Puruśa.

Light Comes (2)

[159] So the devotees are very intelligent, they are more intelligent than intellectuals, more intelligent than those engaged in actional faculties.

[183] You must remember the fact that, [...] scholars, senior people and big intellectuals may lag behind, while an illiterate [...] proper utilization of this right.

Life, Death and Saḿskára (1)

[26] The lymph forces through lymphatic [...] brain, thus strengthening it. For intellectuals an adequate amount of lymph is [...] result in elephantiasis of the leg.

Krśńa and Prapattiváda – 2 (Discourse 5) (1)

[14] Here you should remember one thing. [...] people, these toiling people, these intellectuals, they have no doubt the right [...] to say all these things.”

Kálii to Kikhi (Discourse 25) (1)

[11] Well, can you tell me whether [...] few stages. The Vipras [intellectuals] and the Vaishyas [business [...] practice is no longer in vogue.

Kakubh to Kavaśńa (Discourse 17) (2)

[76] Though Sutanuká and her [...] heard during a conversation between intellectuals. If anyone was asked, “Which [...] place became known as Konnagar.

[170] Ku + aka = kabaka [mushroom]. Ku [...] támásik food. Thus, for intellectuals and those who are cultivating their intellect, mushrooms should not be eaten.

I Will Not Discourage Jiṋánam (1)

[2] Now, how to attain bhakti, how [...] very quickly. And the so-called intellectuals suffer from the ailment of their [...] that.” But they know nothing.

It Is Wise to Be a Devotee (10)

[1] In the spiritual field there are three main competitors - intellectuals (jiṋána yogiis), [...] devotees win. The reason is that intellectuals and karma yogiis fight with their [...] devotees thus win without fighting. Intellectuals when confronted, try to solve [...] has been said about the devotees:

[3] Nobody can misguide a devotee by using logic. Why did Parama Puruśa create this world? The intellectuals discuss this question on the strength of their knowledge. Intellectuals think about Prakrti, Puruśa [...] to why the universe was created.

[4] Karma yogiis, too, think on the [...] fail to get an answer. Therefore, intellectuals and karmiis are unwise to some extent, but intellectuals are rather more unwise. It is [...] is said that devotees are wise:

[8] Parama Puruśa was all alone [...] His other part. Seeing all this, intellectuals and karmiis are surprised and [...] always full of eternal happiness. Intellectuals and karmiis get pleasure but not [...] those who are less wise may become intellectuals or karmiis.

Ideology, Goal and Devotion (7)

[14] Those who are established in their [...] surrendered their minds to the Lord. The intellectuals will complain they have not been [...] Devotees never complain. Only the intellectuals complain. Intellectuals complain because their hearts [...] they have been graced by the Lord.

[15] So-called ideologists become philosophers. [...] answer. The devotee considered the intellectuals stupid.

[16] Suppose there is a big garden of mangoes and both the intellectuals and devotees arrive there at the [...] their heart’s content. But the intellectuals only watch from a distance and [...] have been eaten by the devotees!

[17] The learned people cannot answer [...] someone, you can know his secrets. The intellectuals think of the Lord from very far, while the devotees feel Him very near.

Human Expressions and Human Movements (1)

[19] (3) Then the third human [movement] [...] movement. And for that I encourage the intellectuals of Ananda Marga to form RU [Renaissance [...] of the human actional faculty.

History and Superstition (1)

[13] Actually, here “Brahmans” [...] allegory it is being suggested that intellectuals symbolize the mouth of the Supreme [...] interpretation of the shloka .

Great Universe Fillers – Excerpt B (2)

[6] The characteristic of intellectuals is that they like what they cannot [...] “Nothing new, nothing special.”

[8] Phony intellectuals understand a lot, know a lot, [...] out of the bag and expose them.

Forward Movement Is the Essence of Life (1)

[3] Human beings have to move, and [...] strong, the intelligence of the intellectuals – all these faculties have [...] they will be crushed like ants.

Form and Formless (2)

[11] Some intellectuals are in favour of respecting all [...] word of God.” The cunning intellectuals of the past imposed the importance [...] to the eternal bliss of heaven.

Every Word Is Meaningful (1)

[17] Very good. Whenever we do something, [...] rśis (sages) and munis (saintly intellectuals) “who created the Vedas.” [...] first letter is “a”.

Equalization of Saḿskáras (1)

[11] Thus the fundamental entity is [...] only one unchangeable entity. The intellectuals or vipras have given Him various [...] the dissolution of this world.

Ekendriya – 2 (2)

[10] Most people can reach the stage [...] scholars write theses, and groups of intellectuals repudiate each others arguments. Strangely, many so called intellectuals have grossly inflated egos even [...] knowledge. Actually they know so little.

Economic Self-Reliance – Excerpt F (1)

[2] To counteract this threat, a powerful [...] first requisite factor is that the intellectuals in society must keep their intellects [...] brilliant future with rapid steps.

Don't Be Misguided (1)

[22] And you know, the progress towards [...] serpentine noose of those so-called intellectuals.

Dogma and Human Intellect (1)

[9] Now, if anyone says that in human [...] will not be blocked forever. For intellectuals, spiritual progress is always [...] feel his oneness with the Supreme.

Disembodied Souls and Microvita – Excerpt A (1)

[6] Brahmadaetya or Brahmapisháca. Those intellectuals who do not utilize their intellect [...] this status after their demise.

Discourses on Prout (6)

[16] The caste system is a creation of the cunning intellectuals of the Medieval Age. In the Vipra [...] achieve this end, those cunning intellectuals wrote thousands of books and compiled [...] the illogical idea [of casteism].

[100] The term “guaranteed availability” [...] mention. To give incentives to intellectuals we are to provide them with certain [...] These demands must be fulfilled. Intellectuals, scientists and people performing [...] requires a bicycle. But leaders and intellectuals will require motor cars, and we [...] be noticed that the leaders and intellectuals require an aeroplane, and so on. [...] minimize the gap between the two.

Dialectical Materialism and Democracy (3)

[4] According to PROUT, changes take [...] the sentiments of the Vipras or intellectuals, the Vipras evolved an antithesis [...] destruction of the bourgeois class.

[17] Today there are too many obstacles [...] livelihood. To stop this trend intellectuals and others will have to look for [...] police can easily detect them.

[19] Thirdly, social, economic and political [...] either in theory or in practice. Intellectuals, therefore, must never encourage unrealistic ideas of this sort.

Diabetes (1)

[12] Diabetes is the disease of intellectuals. Those who do physical labour [...] diabetes is next to impossible.

Devotion – the Only Path (2)

[2] Only a devotee can say this, and [...] in the inner cells of the mind. Intellectuals think they are not ordinary people. [...] Náráyańa. But, this feeling is not with intellectuals because they think objectively. [...] confronted with different circumstances.

Devotion and the Realm of Intellectuality (1)

[28] Those who work with the motivation [...] those raised in praise of some intellectuals are similar. Hence remaining engrossed [...] and jalpa will lead to nothing.

Developmental Planning (2)

[10] In drafting the economic plan of [...] farmers, industrial labourers, intellectuals and other specialists should be [...] established in morality and spirituality.

[33] PROUT advocates the abolition of [...] the position of foreign exchange. Intellectuals should demand the abolition of income tax.

Derivation, Emanation and Distortion (Discourse 19) (3)

[25] Not only folk songs, doggerels [...] not exactly the same thing. The intellectuals of those days used to express [...] not literate they were certainly intellectuals in terms of erudition and wealth of imagination). These intellectuals used to be known as rśi [...] comes from the word rśi).

Cooperatives (1)

[56] The day is very near when science will be guided by spiritually oriented intellectuals. When this day comes, science [...] psychic and spiritual advancement.

Compartmentalized Democracy (1)

[3] The Kśatriya age was followed [...] During the period of the monarchy intellectuals began to consolidate greater power [...] the establishment of democracy.

Chapter 5 (3)

[3] Purport: Since no well-knit social [...] This was followed by the age of intellectuals, which we may call the Vipra Age. Finally came the age of capitalists, the Vaeshya Age.

[4] When the warriors and intellectuals are reduced to the level of manual [...] the second Kśatriya Age.

[9] The social cycle will no doubt [...] in the Kśatriya Age, the intellectuals in the Vipra Age or the capitalists [...] through the application of force.

Capitalism in Three Spheres (3)

[8] People have been loudly protesting [...] they have bought off disgruntled intellectuals and used them as tools of exploitation in their economic schemes.

[11] To counteract this threat, powerful [...] first requisite factor is that intellectuals must keep their intellects pure [...] all their inertia and prejudices, intellectuals will have to mix with the common [...] brilliant future with rapid steps.

Bhakti Is the Best (1)

[6] So far as intelligence is concerned, the so-called intellectuals have “C” grade intellects, [...] along the harmless path of Bhakti.

Beware of Dogma (1)

[17] Take for example communism, Marxism. [...] periphery. So it is the duty of all intellectuals to make people conscious of their [...] all-devouring influence of dogma.

Bandhu, Suhrd, Mitram and Sakhá (2)

[15] The essence of dharma is that Parama [...] tree and eat the fruit. What will intellectuals do? They will count the leaves [...] fruit. I hope you are not like those intellectuals or action-oriented people. Be [...] the sweet fruit from the tree.

A Scriptological and Linguistic Survey of the World (1)

[25] Sárada denotes intellect or intellectuality. The script used by the intellectuals of Kashmir was called Sárada [...] script. They wrote the Atharva Veda.

Aesthetics and Mysticism (1)

[2] So you boys, you girls, you intellectuals, this should be your duty – [...] its inspiration from mysticism.